vitamin, von Willebrand disease and vulva ? women's health

vitamin
A group of nutrient chemicals that are considered essential to good health. Chemically they can be divided into two groups: the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K, which tend to be stored in the body; and the watersoluble vitamins, the B group and C, which except for vitamin B12 are not stored in the body and need frequent replenishment. Some vitamins are prduced in the body. Vitamin D is manufactured in the skin during exposure to sunlight, and vitamin K, biotin and pantothenic acid are made inside the human gut by resident bacteria when certain foods are eaten. Most vitamins, however, must be ingested.
All of the vitamins are needed, although their mode of action is not precisely understood, and all of them are available in a wide variety of ordinary foods. Deficient vitamin intake leads to specific symptoms and diseases.
The B vitamins, especially folic acid (or folate), are important in pregnancy, and pregnant women may need supplements of them. Folic acid and vitamin B6 may reduce the risk of developing heart disease. Vitamin E has been found helpful by some women in relieving the HOT FLASHES of menopause, and is thought to be helpful in pre- venting heart disease and Alzheimer?s, as well as boosting the body?s immune system. Vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption, is thought to be particularly important for women after menopause to help prevent bone loss (see OSTEOPOROSIS). Another category of vitamins are the so-called antioxidants?vitamins E and C, and beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. They neutralize the body?s oxygen-free radicals, which are implicated in DNA mutations (which can initiate cancer), atherosclerosis (leading to heart disease), cataract formation and other processes. These vitamins currently are being closely inves- tigated for their disease-fighting ability. Overdoses of certain vitamins, particularly of the fat-soluble ones, especially A and D, also can make a person ill. Nutritionists also recommend upper limits for vitamin B6 (no more than 100 mg a day), folic acid (1,000 mcg) and niacin (35 mg). Recent studies indicate that taking 400 mg or more of vitamin E per day increases the risk of heart disease. See the accompanying table; also see DIET.

von Willebrand disease
A hereditary platelet disorder that impairs clotting. Its symptoms are extremely heavy menstrual periods (10 pads a day, or more than a super tampon an hour), excessive nosebleeds, easy bruising and bleeding heavily after surgery, including dental work. It is treated by administering factor VIII, a clotting factor, or injecting desmopressin acetate or DDAVP (a syn- thetic hormone), also available in the form of a nasal spray.
See also HEMOPHILIA.

vulva
Also pudenda, external genitalia. The external visible female organs of reproduction, which include the MONS VENERIS (or pubis), LABIA majora and minora (outer and inner lips), CLITORIS, VESTI- BULE, opening of the URETHRA, INTROITUS (opening of the vagina), HYMEN and BARTHOLIN?S GLANDS (also called vulvovaginal glands). See also PERINEUM. The vulva is subject to a number of disorders, the most serious of which are cancer and the various infec- tions transmitted by sexual contact (see CANCER, VULVAR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE).
See also VULVITIS.

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